Member to be used in thermic engines



Dec. 14, 1954 YvEs LE sECH MEMBER 'ro BE USED IN THERMIC ENGINES Filed Oct. 26, 1948 B7 warb-Man, M #bmw Patented Dec. 14, 19H54 MEMBER .'IO .BE USED THERMIC ENGINES Yves Le Sech, Paris, France, assignor to SocieteNationale dEtude et de Construction de Moteurs d Aviation, Paris, France, acompany o f'Erance Applicationctober-Z, 1948, Serial No. `56,613 YClaims:flnior'ity, application France hOctober 27,':1947

4 Claims. (Cl. 29-195) It is a'known fact thatmetalsmay be ycoated-with one or more Ylayers lo f enamel ,to protect them against ,corrosion. Such a coat however .shows .interest/*only 'in the case of objects that are not subjected to yexcessive ;me chanical straining ybecause fthe enamel coa-t shows .only a poor resistance to such a straining.

Itis also known -thatglass :or ceramic-ware may b e coated with metal but heretofore sucheoatingsfhavegbeen effected for various purposes Isuch-as the obtentionauof a decorative or reflecting or electro-conductive layer, but it has not beenattempted through-such meansftoobtain -a-suitable degree of resistance inmemhers-,subieeted both to thermic andlmechanicalistrains.

`It is also 'known -that the drawback met lwith theretofore in the industrial development fof certain turbofengines operating at high temperature, :such zas -for :instance gas turbines, consists in the abseneeof anyyavailable material capable of: resisting r without anysubstantial deformation, mechanical stresses, when :subjected to; high temperature.

The l present invention fhas for y its object heat engine members madeof apluralityfof common materials--which individually may not provide all the required features, but which, in associatiomfare liable to stantlatisfactorily mechanical .Strains at v high temperatures. According to the invention, the membereiseonstituted by a core made vof -a convenient metal or alloy which may b e refractory, and coated with at1east,one,layer Qf enamel, itself coated with one layer ofmetal, the layers `:heing alternately disposed and adheringto. each other.

The number of layers may befavariable one -vaccordingrto thetapplications to be consideredifor the, member made therewith and the constitutionof the -ore;also variable according to the applications considered, A so that it is possible to nish with a layer ,either ofmetal or enamel. in thecase 'of a turbine blade andof enamel insthe case of `a combustion chamber. The main layersmay also be associated with suitable intermediatelayersin order to improve their adherence.

:Itfhas been stated hereinabove thatthe nature of fthe core may vary according to theintended purposel of the member. -For instance, lfor the rotor blades of .a gas turbine that is subjected, aswell known, not only to high temperatures but also to considerable mechanical stresses by reason in particular of the action vof centrifugal 'force or else in the Acase of valves "for4 heat Iengines that-are also'exposed to high strain, it is ,convenient tta-make the core of one of the metals or alloys now known which are creep-resistant and refractory, i. e. the physical and mechanical properties of which remain to a large extent unaltered at high temperatures. On the other hand, in the case of stationary combustion chambers and gas pipes, the mechanical straining being far less important, it is possible, according to the temperature of the gases, to resort for the formation of the core either to refractory metals or to non-refractory metals or even to light metals.

In the specification and sub-joined claims, the term refractory metal means any metal or alloy resisting fusion, distortion and chemical action when subjected to high temperatures such as may be obtained with combustion gases in jet engines.

The layers of enamel should be selected so as to increase the refractory properties of the member and in its turn the metal laid over the enamel should be selected by reason both of its refractory character and of its For instance, the last layermay be ofmetal 2 mechanical resistance- Any instal .and enamel which may be termed refractory can yhe used, .es .fiar es their physical and chemical properties are ,s nitable'for .the formation of layers .which are A.closely adhering telef tion rto kone another.

The word enenicl should 'he .considered in its broader meaning vend although this Werd :iis distinguished, in the specification Vand Vsub-joined claims from the word metal, it will be construed to fnclurlc the :presence of free or Vcombined metal ions inside -the body of the enamel, as it is .a .known .fact vthat'-numeroi1-s .enamels Gemein some vmetal v and -for a proper form v`of the invention, .it netten ofintercsilto ,incorporate to alle enamel metallic ions that are similar to chose fof ,the core or of the meiallic .laycrs. in order .to (provide l:for .Proper -edliereiice-y Zlhe word enamel is takemasmeaning ,eitheracom poundingcf cnarneliforglassmaliing.frncialsfvernishesor ceramics, or a compounding for -pottery paste; or still a mixture o f Vboth ftlreseccrnpoundings which may further lue-supplied with certainsubstances before,Crafter roasting. fbeforeer afterrneltingvAls concerns ythe .metal-laye rs it isnpossibleto mention by way of example and by no meansdn a lirnitingsenseas basic fnlelals: iron, chromium. nickel. ycobalt, Platinum and ,the like refractory metals to be Yused n either pure ,or as alloys Vwith ,one another yor 4with other metals or again .in .combination f with non-metals All 4these metals havemclfing Points which range substeniisllyebcvc 1Q00 C.

A -rncrnben yaccording tothe invention, rlcads ,to fthe followingy advantages:

,(i) The core retains :when cold and .up ottemperaiuresthetdenend onine ,attire of ihemetnl orfnlloy used for its constitution, the -met:,harricalproperties4- of Lmetals such as -hightensile strength, elasticity, etc.

; (ii) The @coating Ihinderslthe transfcnof heet into the bodyof thefrnernberas the .lever oi enarnclisrheat .insulating and the .fleyer :of metal covering it has a .rehecting surface.

7`(ill) The,resistance,` to oreepis.- increased ,as each@ layer exerts askin/effecten thelnndcrlyinelnyer- I;".Fhe.rc.sist ence toA creenv nlorderl by the compound yInembcris thus moreconsidersblclihan that of the metal formingtthe core. The resistancefto corrosion is increased bythe layer onlayers .of .n.refractory enamelthai ischemically stable ywhile ythe` mechanical Epropertics of each .layer .i of .enamel are also i improved 1 by the metal layers. covering (iv) It isl-notlnecessary l,toppolish the,s,urf ace.,of-the core, the desirable .polish beingobtafned,automatically by tl1e Coating lItv is thus Possiblelio. avoid, av-machining operationthatis d titjlicultfto perform and,is costly.

(v) Lasfly. the -lcoating may provide vother f physicochemical Y properties Eaccordingsl to,t tine,A nature, of the, mterialforming it.

VThe-layers may.havea thiekness-that -is .uniformqpr otherwise.`

' ,The coatingfmodifes to. a more `oraless .important .extent thesizelofgthe,member and this-fact mustlbe taken into account Ywhen -rnachin-ing,thel original mental core.

The:adhesion of the metal-and, ,enamel` layersand rmore Particularly the adhesionofi the tirst layer `to f the metal core may fbc .-pr .ed ;by a .snitablesclecton of the chemical composition of the layers. For instance, a core made of a cobalt containing alloy may be covered by an enamel containing cobalt oxide or fusion of the cobalt ions between the enamel layer and the metal ensuring adherence. In certain cases, it is possible to superpose several different layers of enamel and metal so as to ensure aherence between each layer and the next one, if the last layer and the core to be coated do not show a sufficient possibility of direct adherence with one another.

The enamel layers may be spread with a brush or obtained by spraying or else by blowing as powder or by printing for instance through lithographie methods, in particular on a collodion support, or else through any other means used in ceramic, glass or enamel industries.

The metal layers may be laid through metallisation, lroluxgilei electrolysis, through chemical displacement and e l l aiuminate, the dif:`

The layers may be subjected after their deposit to treatments adapted to improve them, for instance to thermic treatments. t

Accompanying drawings shown by way of example and by no means in a limiting sense illustrate three embodiments of the invention. In said drawings:

Fig. l is a radial cross section through a blade adapted to be mounted on a wheel of a gas turbine.

Figs. 2 and 3 are axial cross sections of a part of a combustion chamber and of a part of a hot gas pipe.

The blade illustrated in Fig. 1 includes a core a of highly refractory alloy showing a high resistance to creep such as nickel-chromium austenitic steel. This core a is covered by a metal coating mi of nickel deposited electrolytically after a superficial treatment of the core. The layer mi is then covered by a layer e of a zirconium oxide enamel incorporating further refractory oxides such as molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide and the like. This layer is formed through atomization. It is baked a first time, then sup- L ercially glazed with an enamel of same composition with the omission however of the refractory oxides.

The adherence of the layer e to the nickel forming the layer mi may be improved by spraying at the very beginning of atomization enamel frit crushed without any refractory oxide in it but with the incorporation of nickel and bismuth ions.

Lastly the layer e is covered by a layer m2 of chromium deposited electrolytically after providing for bonding for such a cementation in the example disclosed being a nickel salt.

It is possible to provide if required a direct metallic connection between the main metal layers and the core that is also made of metal as in the case of Fig. 1.

Obviously the embodiment that has been disclosed by way of example may be modied in various manners through substitution of technical equivalent means without widening thereby the .scope of the invention as deiined in accompanying claims.

The invention covers members obtained as hereinabove described and including blades for heat turbines, wheel discs, stationary or movable nozzles, combustion chambers, pipes, valves and cylinders for heat engines, and also the heat engines provided with members as disclosed.

What I claim is:

l. A heat engine element designed to be in contact with high temperature combustion gases, comprising :t metal base coated with a layer of heat-insulating enamel closely adhering to said base through a bond of ionicallydiffused material and over-coated with a layer of refractory metal closely adhering to said enamel layer through a bond of ionically-difused material, said enamel being laden with ions of metal similar to that of the adjacent metal layers to promote ionic diffusion, whereby said base and said layers form together a single solid, integral element.

2. An element as recited in claim 1, wherein the metal between the latter metal coating and the layer e. This 30 base comprises a metal core coated with a layer of a metbonding may be obtained through the cementation of the al different from that of said core and adapted to proenamel of the layer e by means of a liquid suspension of mote adhesion with said enamel layer through a bond of a chromium salt that is easily decomposable by heat, ionically-diffused material. said suspension being spread with a brush over the 3. An element as recited in claim l, comprising a enamel and then brought to a temperature that is lower :35 plurality of metal and enamel layers alternately disposed than the softening point of the glazing layer of the enamel. over said metal base and closely adhering to each other It will be noticed that in proximity with the tail end through bonds of ionically-difused material. t of the blade designed for securing the latter to the ro- 4. An element as recited in claim 3, wherein the tor, layer m2 engages directly the core a so as to form enamel layers are increasingly laden with refractory oxa sheath enclosing the enamel layer and also a closed 4o ides, the farther they are from the metal base. heat conductive circuit which is of advantage for exhauting 1:tlowards 1thle mass of the rotor the heat accumu- References Cited in the file of this patent ate in e meta ayer.. The combustion chamber illustrated in fragmentary f UNITED STATES PATENTS cross section in Fig. 2 includes a core or support of tu- 45 Number Name Date bular shape a that is made of a nonrefractory metal such 776,518 Junggren Dec. 6, 1904 as soft iron, copper or the like. Said core is coated in- 847,881 Baumgarn Mar. 19, 1907 wardly with a layer e1 of zirconium enamel that shows 1,952,705 Eglo' et a1 Mar. 27, 1934 only reduced refractory properties and then with a layer 2,073,334 Coffman Mar. 9, 1937 m of a refractory metal such as nickel, cobalt and chro- 50 2,154,261 Brandt Apr. 11, 1939 mium and lastly with a layer e2 of highly refractory 2,188,399 Bieber Jan. 30, 1940 enamel that may also be constituted by zirconium enamel, 2,267,361 Andrus Dec. 23, 1941 laden however with a larger amount of refractory oxides. 2,304,259 Karrer Dec. 8, 1942 The hot gas pipe illustrated fragmentarily in cross sec- 2,310,002 Van Geel Feb. 2, 1943 tion in Fig. 3 includes a core or support a that accord- 55 2,311,039 Emery Feb. 16, 1943 ing to the temperature of the gases conveyed therein 2,428,526 Osterheld Oct. 7, 1947 may be made of a refractory metal or alloy, of a non- 2,438,013 Tanner Mar. 16, 1948 refractory metal or even of a light metal. Inwardly, the 2,464,141 Maier Mar. 8, 1949 core a is coated with a layer m1 of nickel, coated in its 2,495,762 Porter Jan. 31, 1950 turn with a layer e1 of zirconium enamel coated in its (so 2,495,835 Comstock Jan. 31,` 1950 turn wlith a layer of rinckel m12 nd so gn. fThe layers of 2,581,252 Goetzel Jan. 1, 1952 ename are more an more a en wit re raetory oxide as they are considered nearer the axis of the pipe and FOREIGN PATENTS the iinal layer is an enamel layer. The connection be- Number Country Date tween each enamel layer and the nickel layer preceding G5 381,102 Great Britain Sept 29, 1932 it on the one hand and the following nickel layer on the 4.321386 Great Britain July 25, 1935 other hand is ensured through cementation, the salt used 

1. A HEAT ENGINE ELEMENT DESIGNED TO BE IN CONTACT WITH HIGH TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION GASES, COMPRISING A METAL BASE COATED WITH A LAYER OF HEAT-INSULATING ENAMEL CLOSELY ADHERING TO SAID BASE THROUGH A BOND OF IONICALLYDIFFUSED MATERIAL AND OVER-COATED WITH A LAYER OF REFRACTORY METAL CLOSELY ADHERING TO SAID ENAMEL LAYER THROUGH A BOND OF IONICALLY-DIFFUSED MATERIAL, SAID ELEMENT BEING LADEN WITH IONS OF METAL SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ADJACENT METAL LAYERS TO PROMOTE IONIC DIFFUSION, WHEREBY SAID BASE AND SAID LAYERS FORM TOGETHER A SINGLE SOLID, INTEGRAL ELEMENT. 